Inflammation & Infection Test SolutionsSiemens Healthineers offers test solutions to monitor inflammation, infection, and sepsis to improve outcomes through early diagnosis.

Inflammation is a vital part of the body’s immune response. The function of inflammation is to destroy and remove pathogens. If destruction is not possible, inflammation limits effects by confining the pathogen and its products. It is also important for repairing and replacing tissue damaged by the pathogen and its products. Inflammation can potentially be a harmful process. Components of inflammation that are capable of destroying microbes can also injure bystander normal tissue. There are two types of inflammation, acute and chronic.¹

Acute vs. Chronic Inflammation

Feature	Acute	Chronic
Onset	Fast: minutes or hours	Slow: days
Cellular infiltrate	Mainly neutrophils	Monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes
Tissue injury, fibrosis	Usually mild and self-limited	Often severe and progressive
Local and systemic signs	Prominent	Less prominent; may be subtle

Learn More about Inflammation

Inflammatory responses are essential for the maintenance of normal tissue homeostasis. The molecular mechanism of inflammation is quite a complicated process which is initiated by the recognition of specific molecular patterns associated with either infection or tissue injury.²

The importance of inflammation is that it can sometimes be inappropriately triggered or poorly controlled, and is thus the cause of tissue injury in many disorders.³ Many diseases are associated with inflammation, such as sepsis, neoplastic disorders, autoimmune diseases, AIDS, alcoholic liver disease, and infections, or transplant rejection.

Causes of Inflammation

Infections (viral, bacterial, parasitic)
Trauma (blunt, penetrating)
Tissue necrosis
Foreign bodies
Immune reactions (hypersensitivity)

Interleukin-6 (IL-6)

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an early indicator of inflammatory response to illness or injury. IL-6 rises within hours of substantial injury or infection and can be monitored to reveal if a patient is suffering an acute response to surgery, trauma, or infection and if the response is waning slowly or rapidly, which can help to predict the patient’s risks and prognosis.^4-6

Atellica IM IL-6^† Assay Benefits

Assists physicians in the evaluation of a variety of acute and chronic diseases associated with inflammation such as sepsis, neoplastic disorders, autoimmune diseases, AIDS, alcoholic liver disease, and infections or transplant rejection.^7-12
Predict infection at the onset of a new fever before microbiological culture results are available.¹³
Gain workflow efficiency in your sepsis and inflammation testing with a rapid turnaround time.

Lipopolysaccharide- binding Protein

Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) aids in the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases induced by exposure to endotoxin, such as sepsis and infectious complications of surgery and trauma. LBP has been shown to be elevated in patients with gram negative, gram positive, and fungal infections.¹⁴

Atellica IM LBP^† Assay Benefits

Achieve detection of LBP levels above the normal reference level that have been reported in patients with severe local infection, a systemic bacterial or fungal infection, or septicemia.¹⁴
Predict severity of lung injury and mortality in patients with severe sepsis.¹⁵
Gain workflow efficiency in your sepsis and inflammation testing with rapid turnaround time.

Assay Menu

Immunoassay Menu

	Atellica Solution Family	ADVIA Centaur Immunoassay® Systems	IMMULITE® Systems
IL-1B			√^†
IL-10			√^†
IL-6	√^†	√	√^†
IL-8			√^†
IL-2R			√^†
LBP	√^†	√^{^†}	√^†
TNF-a			√^†

† Not available for sale in the U.S.

References
1. http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/mcp/education/300.713%20lectures/300.713%202013/beck_08.26.2013.pdf
2. Ahmed, A.U. Front. Biol. (2011) 6: 274. doi:10.1007/s11515-011-1123-9
3. https://www.slideshare.net/drmohammadmanzoor/inflammation-overview
4. Kellum JA, Kong L, Fink MP, Weissfeld LA, Yealy DM, Pinsky MR, et al. Understanding the inflammatory cytokine response in pneumonia and sepsis. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(15):1655-63.
5. Kinasewitz GT, Yan SB, Basson B, Comp P, RussellJA, Cariou A,et al. Universal changes in biomarkers of coagulation and inflammation occur in patients with severe sepsis, regardless of causative micro-organism. Crit Care. 2004;8(2):R82.
6. Oberholzer A, Souza SM, Tschoeke SK, Oberholzer C, Abouhamze A, Pribble JP, et al. Plasma cytokine measurements augment prognostic scores as indicators of outcome in patients with severe sepsis. Shock. 2005;23(6):488-93.
7. Garbers C, Hermanns H M, Schaper F, Mϋller-Newen G, et al. Plasticity and cross-talk of Interleukin 6-type cytokines. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2012;23:85-97.
8. Waage A, Brandtzaeg P, Halstensen A, Kierulf P, Espevik, T. The complex pattern of cytokines in serum from patients with meningococcal septic shock. J Exp Med. 1989; 169:333–338.
9. Hack CE, De Groot ER, Felt-Bersma RJ, Nuijens JH, et al. Increased plasma levels of interleukin-6 in sepsis. Blood. 1989;74:1704–1710.
10. Steinmetz HT, Herbertz A, Bertram M, Diehl V. Increase in interleukin-6 serum level preceding fever in granulocytopenia and correlation with death from sepsis. J Infect Dis. 1995;171:225–228.
11. Buck C, Bundschu J, Gallati H, Bartmann P, Pohlandt F. Interleukin-6: A sensitive parameter for the early diagnosis of neonatal bacterial infection. Pediatrics. 1994;93:54–58.
12. Hummel M, Czerlinski S, Friedel N, Liebenthal C, et al. Interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 concentrations as predictors of outcome in ventricular assist device patients before heart transplantation. Crit Care Med. 1994;22:448–454.
13. Groeneveld AB, Bossink AW, van Mierlo GJ, Hack CE. Circulating inflammatory mediators in patients with fever: predicting bloodstream infection. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2001;8:1189-95.
14. Blairon L, Wittebole X, Laterre PF. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein serum levels in patients with severe sepsis due to gram-positive and fungal infections. Journal of Infectious Disease. 2003;187: 287-291.
15. Villar J, Perez-Mendez L, Espinosa E, Flores C, Blanco J, Muriel A, Basaldua S, Muros M. Blanch L, Artigas A, Kacmarek RM. Serum Lipopolysaccharide Binding Protein Levels Predict Severity of Lung Injury and Mortality in Patients with Severe Sepsis. PLoS ONE. 2009; 4(8):e6818.

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