
ピークはいつ?原因アレルゲンの飛散・発生時期
スギやヒノキの花粉シーズンが終わっても、年間を通じてさまざまなアレルゲンに注意が必要です。
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春のスギ・ヒノキ花粉症以外にも夏から秋にかけてはイネ科やキク科植物の花粉症、冬には閉め切った室内で暖房器具を使うことでカビが原因のアレルギー症状が出たりと年間を通して私たちの身の回りにはさまざまなアレルゲンが存在します。くしゃみ、鼻水、鼻づまり以外にも目のかゆみ、喉のイガイガ、皮膚のかゆみ、肌荒れ、下痢や熱っぽさといった症状があればアレルギーが原因であることも疑いましょう。
監修:NPO法人 日本健康推進支援機構 理事長 榎本 雅夫 先生
ピークはいつ?原因アレルゲンの飛散・発生時期
スギやヒノキの花粉シーズンが終わっても、年間を通じてさまざまなアレルゲンに注意が必要です。
原因アレルゲンの特定はアレルギー治療の第一歩!
意外と多い、スギ花粉以外の原因
鼻炎症状があり、スギ特異的IgE抗体陽性の患者様の70%はハウスダストにも感作していたという疫学調査の報告があります。また、同じ疫学調査の結果ではイネ科花粉やキク科花粉、ペットのフケなどにも40%の患者様が感作していました。
アレルギー症状を引き起こす植物は国内だけでも約60種類が報告されています。また、高温多湿の季節には主要な室内塵であるダニとカビが増殖しさまざまなアレルギー疾患を引き起こします。室内塵にはダニ、カビの他ペット(イヌやネコ)や昆虫(ガやゴキブリ)などが含まれます。
花粉症の患者様には、くしゃみ、鼻水、鼻づまり以外にも目のかゆみ、喉のイガイガ、皮膚のかゆみ、肌荒れ、下痢や熱っぽいといった症状が現れることがあります。
また、リンゴやモモを食べると口の中がピリピリしたり腫れたりする口腔アレルギー症候群(OAS)と呼ばれるアレルギーも注目されています。果物や野菜の中には花粉の特異的IgE抗体に反応する物質が存在し、その物質がアレルギー反応を起こしているのです。放置すると重症化することがありますので、原因を特定して対策を立てることが重要です。
花粉症の症状はさまざま
くしゃみ・鼻水・鼻づまり以外にも、目のかゆみ、喉のイガイガ、皮膚のかゆみ、肌荒れ、下痢や熱っぽさといった症状が現れることがあります。原因を特定して対策を立てることが重要です。
原因回避による症状の軽減のためにも血液検査が有効
アレルギー患者にとって環境整備はメディカルケアの依存を軽減し、症状の改善に有意義な方法です。血液検査で原因を調べ、対策を行うことが症状緩和に効果的といわれています。花粉症がありなんとなく体調不良が続く場合など、また、小児では症状を正しく伝えられないこともあるので血液検査をすることで診断補助に役立ちます。
それってイネ科やキク科花粉症かも?
春のスギ・ヒノキ花粉症シーズンが終わっても夏に花粉が飛散するイネ科の植物や、秋が飛散シーズンのキク科の雑草にも注意が必要です。
昆虫などもアレルギーの原因に!
花粉のほか、昆虫など夏から秋のアレルギー症状の原因は多彩。ガは夏から秋にかけて多く出現し成虫はりん粉やりん毛など、幼虫でもフンがアレルギー性鼻炎や喘息の原因となります。ユスリカは死がいが乾燥して微細な塵になったものがアレルギー性鼻炎や喘息の原因に。
秋特有のアレルギー症状
冷え込む前の季節、秋の衣替え時のハウスダストもアレルギー疾患が増える原因ともいわれています。
ハウスダストとは室内にたまるホコリ(室内塵)のことで、その主なアレルゲンはダニです。ダニは夏に大量に繁殖しますが、その死がいやフンが細かなチリになって空気中に飛散し10月頃にピークをむかえます。
春から夏の間、クローゼットや押入れにしまっておいた衣類や布団にも死がいやフンが付着しています。しまい込んでいたセーターや毛布などを出してそのまま使うと、アレルギー症状を悪化させることがあります。
ハウスダストに接触することで、くしゃみ・鼻水・鼻づまりなど風邪のような症状や目・皮膚のかゆみ、肌荒れ等の、ダニが引き起こすアレルギー症状が現れることがあります。寝具や枕、ぬいぐるみなどでも繁殖するため、皮膚に触れるとアトピー性皮膚炎を悪化させることもあります。
冬のアレルギー原因はカビ(真菌)
高温多湿な夏に多く繁殖するカビ(真菌)ですが、暖房器具や加湿器を使う冬もカビによるアレルギーの症状が悪化しやすい時期です。カビ対策を怠らないようにしましょう。
花粉抗原を原因とした花粉・食物アレルギー(Pollen-Food Allergy Syndrome: PFS)をクラスⅡ食物アレルギーと呼び、食物を食べることで感作され発症するクラスⅠ食物アレルギーと区別されます。
果物や野菜を食べると口の中や周りがピリピリしたり、喉がイガイガするのが代表的な症状です。花粉症があり、このような症状がある場合はクラスⅡ食物アレルギーの疑いがあります。
花粉抗原との関連が報告されている主な野菜・果物
はじめは口や喉だけで起こっていた症状が、原因食物を食べ続けることで重症化したという報告があります。現在では多くの野菜・果物の特異的IgE抗体検査が可能になり、PFSの原因検索に役立っています。
シラカンバ、スギ、ヨモギ、イネ科、ブタクサの花粉症の方は以下の食材にご注意ください。
* 血液検査で特異的IgE抗体が測定可能な野菜・果物
花粉 | 野菜・果物 |
シラカンバ | バラ科(リンゴ*、洋ナシ*、サクランボ、モモ*、スモモ、アンズ、アーモンド*) |
スギ | ナス科(トマト*) |
ヨモギ | セリ科(セロリ*、ニンジン*)、マタタビ科(キウイ*) |
イネ科 | ウリ科(メロン*、スイカ*)、ナス科(トマト*、ジャガイモ*) |
ブタクサ | ウリ科(メロン*、スイカ*、カンタローブ、ズッキーニ、キュウリ)、バショウ科(バナナ*)など |
魚やエビ、イクラなどの魚介類による食物アレルギー
食物アレルギーには、魚やエビ、イクラなどを食べることによってアレルギー症状が現れる魚介類アレルギーがあります。乳児期の代表的な食物アレルギーといえば鶏卵、牛乳、小麦を主な原因とする即時型アレルギーですが、1歳を過ぎると魚卵、魚類のアレルギーが多くなり幼児期には甲殻類アレルギーも増えてきます。
マグロやサケなどの魚類、イクラやタラコの魚卵、エビやカニの甲殻類、イカ・タコの頭足類、ホタテなどの貝類を原因とした食物アレルギーの抗原検索には特異的IgE抗体検査が有用です。
加熱に強い魚介類のアレルゲン性
卵のように加熱によってたんぱく質が変性してアレルゲン性も低下する食品がある一方、耐熱性のたんぱく質が主要アレルゲンの食品もあります。魚類の代表的なアレルゲンであるパブルアルブミンとコラーゲンのIgE結合能は加熱に対して安定であるため、加熱調理した魚によってもアレルギーを発症すると言われています。
また、エビ、カニなどの甲殻類の主要アレルゲンであるトロポミオシンも熱安定性があり、加熱によるアレルゲン性の低減は期待できません。
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